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Using any programming language effectively requires that the user learn how the language handles and stores data. For our purposes, we will be most interested in getting comfortable with the major value, variable, and dataset formats offered by R and, to a lesser extent, SAS.
This guide will make a special effort to describe common pitfalls peculiar to each language. These pitfalls can be unintuitive and have been known to cause new programmers plenty of headaches. With a bit of luck, we’ll learn how to avoid them so we can concentrate on what matters most: conducting a sound analysis.
R and SAS are very different beasts.
R is what’s known as a functional language, meaning it is built around the general principle that we create objects (e.g., a dataset) and “feed” them to functions that perform particular operations on the input object and return some sort of output.
Object Any entity stored in an R environment. Can be a variety of types, including vector, matrix, data.frame, function, and many others.
Function A particular type of object that takes other objects and arguments as inputs, performs a set of procedures, and returns an output.
As a simple example, let’s take the object iris, a dataset provided by default in every R installation. Below, we feed it to a function, head() that inspects the iris dataset and returns the first 6 rows:
head(datasets::iris) Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosaWe can also provide directions to functions in the form of arguments. For instance, let’s instead have a look at the first 10 rows by setting the n argument in the head() function:
Argument A component of a function that allows the user to set a variety of options governing the function’s behavior or output.
head(datasets::iris, n = 10) Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
7 4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3 setosa
8 5.0 3.4 1.5 0.2 setosa
9 4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2 setosa
10 4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1 setosaWe’ll talk about some other ways to work with various objects, but for now, it suffices to understand this general principle about functional programming.
SAS’s syntax is quite different.
An example should suffice to illustrate. Let’s take a look at the iris dataset again, performing the same two operations as we did in R:
proc import datafile="data/iris.csv"
out=iris
dbms=csv
replace;run;
proc print data=iris(obs=6); run;
proc print data=iris(obs=10); run; The SAS System 1
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs Sepal_Length Sepal_Width Petal_Length Petal_Width Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
The SAS System 2
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs Sepal_Length Sepal_Width Petal_Length Petal_Width Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
7 4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3 setosa
8 5 3.4 1.5 0.2 setosa
9 4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2 setosa
10 4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1 setosa
The SAS System 3
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Data Set Name WORK.NHEFS Observations 1629
Member Type DATA Variables 64
Engine V9 Indexes 0
Created 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Observation Length 512
Last Modified 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Deleted Observations 0
Protection Compressed NO
Data Set Type Sorted NO
Label
Data Representation SOLARIS_X86_64,
LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64,
LINUX_IA64
Encoding latin1 Western (ISO)
Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size 65536
Number of Data Set Pages 13
First Data Page 1
Max Obs per Page 127
Obs in First Data Page 107
Number of Data Set Repairs 0
Filename /tmp/SAS_workDFED00005A61_
jrgant-AW/nhefs.sas7bdat
Release Created 9.0401M7
Host Created Linux
Inode Number 7998377
Access Permission rw-rw-r--
Owner Name jrgant
File Size 896KB
File Size (bytes) 917504
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
53 active Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
10 age Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
39 alcoholfreq Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
41 alcoholhowmuch Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
38 alcoholpy Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
40 alcoholtype Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
46 allergies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
24 asthma Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
55 birthcontrol Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
20 birthplace Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
50 boweltrouble Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
25 bronch Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
57 cholesterol Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
32 chroniccough Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
30 colitis Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
6 dadth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
8 dbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
3 death Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 4
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
34 diabetes Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
15 education Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
54 exercise Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
33 hayfever Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
28 hbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
49 hbpmed Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
43 headache Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
31 hepatitis Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
27 hf Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
58 hightax82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
16 ht Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
12 income Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
52 infection Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
48 lackpep Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
13 marital Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
5 modth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
47 nerves Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
37 nervousbreak Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
44 otherpain Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
29 pepticulcer Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
42 pica Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
35 polio Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
56 pregnancies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
59 price71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
60 price82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
63 price71_82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
2 qsmk Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
11 race Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
7 sbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
14 school Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
1 seqn Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
9 sex Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
22 smkintensity82_71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
21 smokeintensity Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
23 smokeyrs Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
61 tax71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
62 tax82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
64 tax71_82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
26 tb Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
36 tumor Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
45 weakheart Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
17 wt71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
18 wt82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
19 wt82_71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
51 wtloss Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
4 yrdth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 5
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs seqn qsmk death yrdth modth
1 233 0 0 . .
2 235 0 0 . .
3 244 0 0 . .
4 245 0 1 85 2
5 252 0 0 . .
Obs dadth sbp dbp sex age
1 . 175 96 0 42
2 . 123 80 0 36
3 . 115 75 1 56
4 14 148 78 0 68
5 . 118 77 0 40
Obs race income marital school education
1 1 19 2 7 1
2 0 18 2 9 2
3 1 15 3 11 2
4 1 15 3 5 1
5 0 18 2 11 2
Obs ht wt71 wt82 wt82_71 birthplace
1 174.1875 79.04 68.94604024 -10.09395976 47
2 159.375 58.63 61.23496995 2.60496995 42
3 168.5 56.81 66.22448602 9.41448602 51
4 170.1875 59.42 64.41011654 4.99011654 37
5 181.875 87.09 92.07925111 4.98925111 42
smkintensity82_
Obs smokeintensity 71 smokeyrs asthma bronch
1 30 -10 29 0 0
2 20 -10 24 0 0
3 20 -14 26 0 0
4 3 4 53 0 0
5 20 0 19 0 0
The SAS System 6
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs tb hf hbp pepticulcer colitis
1 0 0 1 1 0
2 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0
Obs hepatitis chroniccough hayfever diabetes polio
1 0 0 0 1 0
2 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 1 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0
Obs tumor nervousbreak alcoholpy alcoholfreq alcoholtype
1 0 0 1 1 3
2 0 0 1 0 1
3 1 0 1 3 4
4 0 0 1 2 3
5 0 0 1 2 1
Obs alcoholhowmuch pica headache otherpain weakheart
1 7 0 1 0 0
2 4 0 1 0 0
3 . 0 1 1 0
4 4 0 0 1 1
5 2 0 1 0 0
Obs allergies nerves lackpep hbpmed boweltrouble
1 0 0 0 1 0
2 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 1
The SAS System 7
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs wtloss infection active exercise birthcontrol
1 0 0 0 2 2
2 0 1 0 0 2
3 0 0 0 2 0
4 0 0 1 2 2
5 0 0 1 1 2
Obs pregnancies cholesterol hightax82 price71 price82
1 . 197 0 2.18359375 1.7399902344
2 . 301 0 2.3466796875 1.7973632813
3 2 157 0 1.5695800781 1.5134277344
4 . 174 0 1.5065917969 1.4519042969
5 . 216 0 2.3466796875 1.7973632813
Obs tax71 tax82 price71_82 tax71_82
1 1.1022949219 0.4619750977 0.4437866211 0.6403808594
2 1.3649902344 0.5718994141 0.5493164063 0.79296875
3 0.5512695313 0.2309875488 0.0561981201 0.3202514648
4 0.5249023438 0.2199707031 0.0547943115 0.3049926758
5 1.3649902344 0.5718994141 0.5493164063 0.79296875
The SAS System 8
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The MEANS Procedure
N
Variable Miss
-------------------------
seqn 0
qsmk 0
death 0
yrdth 1311
modth 1307
dadth 1307
sbp 77
dbp 81
sex 0
age 0
race 0
income 62
marital 0
school 0
education 0
ht 0
wt71 0
wt82 63
wt82_71 63
birthplace 92
smokeintensity 0
smkintensity82_71 0
smokeyrs 0
asthma 0
bronch 0
tb 0
hf 0
hbp 0
pepticulcer 0
colitis 0
hepatitis 0
chroniccough 0
hayfever 0
diabetes 0
polio 0
tumor 0
nervousbreak 0
alcoholpy 0
alcoholfreq 0
alcoholtype 0
alcoholhowmuch 417
pica 0
headache 0
otherpain 0
weakheart 0
allergies 0
nerves 0
lackpep 0
hbpmed 0
boweltrouble 0
wtloss 0
-------------------------
The SAS System 9
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The MEANS Procedure
N
Variable Miss
-------------------------
infection 0
active 0
exercise 0
birthcontrol 0
pregnancies 903
cholesterol 16
hightax82 92
price71 92
price82 92
tax71 92
tax82 92
price71_82 92
tax71_82 92
-------------------------
The SAS System 10
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs Variable NMiss
1 seqn 0
2 qsmk 0
3 death 0
4 yrdth 1311
5 modth 1307
6 dadth 1307
7 sbp 77
8 dbp 81
9 sex 0
10 age 0
11 race 0
12 income 62
13 marital 0
14 school 0
15 education 0
16 ht 0
17 wt71 0
18 wt82 63
19 wt82_71 63
20 birthplace 92
21 smokeintensity 0
22 smkintensity82_71 0
23 smokeyrs 0
24 asthma 0
25 bronch 0
26 tb 0
27 hf 0
28 hbp 0
29 pepticulcer 0
30 colitis 0
31 hepatitis 0
32 chroniccough 0
33 hayfever 0
34 diabetes 0
35 polio 0
36 tumor 0
37 nervousbreak 0
38 alcoholpy 0
39 alcoholfreq 0
40 alcoholtype 0
41 alcoholhowmuch 417
42 pica 0
43 headache 0
44 otherpain 0
45 weakheart 0
46 allergies 0
47 nerves 0
48 lackpep 0
49 hbpmed 0
50 boweltrouble 0
51 wtloss 0
52 infection 0
53 active 0
54 exercise 0
55 birthcontrol 0
The SAS System 11
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs Variable NMiss
56 pregnancies 903
57 cholesterol 16
58 hightax82 92
59 price71 92
60 price82 92
61 tax71 92
62 tax82 92
63 price71_82 92
64 tax71_82 92
The SAS System 12
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Data Set Name WORK.NHEFS2 Observations 44
Member Type DATA Variables 64
Engine V9 Indexes 0
Created 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Observation Length 512
Last Modified 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Deleted Observations 0
Protection Compressed NO
Data Set Type Sorted NO
Label
Data Representation SOLARIS_X86_64,
LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64,
LINUX_IA64
Encoding latin1 Western (ISO)
Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size 65536
Number of Data Set Pages 1
First Data Page 1
Max Obs per Page 127
Obs in First Data Page 44
Number of Data Set Repairs 0
Filename /tmp/SAS_workDFED00005A61_
jrgant-AW/nhefs2.sas7bdat
Release Created 9.0401M7
Host Created Linux
Inode Number 7998379
Access Permission rw-rw-r--
Owner Name jrgant
File Size 128KB
File Size (bytes) 131072
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
53 active Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
10 age Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
39 alcoholfreq Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
41 alcoholhowmuch Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
38 alcoholpy Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
40 alcoholtype Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
46 allergies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
24 asthma Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
55 birthcontrol Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
20 birthplace Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
50 boweltrouble Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
25 bronch Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
57 cholesterol Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
32 chroniccough Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
30 colitis Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
6 dadth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
8 dbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
3 death Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 13
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
34 diabetes Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
15 education Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
54 exercise Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
33 hayfever Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
28 hbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
49 hbpmed Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
43 headache Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
31 hepatitis Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
27 hf Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
58 hightax82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
16 ht Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
12 income Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
52 infection Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
48 lackpep Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
13 marital Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
5 modth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
47 nerves Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
37 nervousbreak Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
44 otherpain Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
29 pepticulcer Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
42 pica Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
35 polio Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
56 pregnancies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
59 price71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
60 price82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
63 price71_82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
2 qsmk Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
11 race Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
7 sbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
14 school Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
1 seqn Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
9 sex Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
22 smkintensity82_71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
21 smokeintensity Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
23 smokeyrs Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
61 tax71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
62 tax82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
64 tax71_82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
26 tb Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
36 tumor Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
45 weakheart Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
17 wt71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
18 wt82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
19 wt82_71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
51 wtloss Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
4 yrdth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 14
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Data Set Name WORK.NHEFS3 Observations 1552
Member Type DATA Variables 8
Engine V9 Indexes 0
Created 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Observation Length 64
Last Modified 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Deleted Observations 0
Protection Compressed NO
Data Set Type Sorted NO
Label
Data Representation SOLARIS_X86_64,
LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64,
LINUX_IA64
Encoding latin1 Western (ISO)
Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size 65536
Number of Data Set Pages 2
First Data Page 1
Max Obs per Page 1021
Obs in First Data Page 977
Number of Data Set Repairs 0
Filename /tmp/SAS_workDFED00005A61_
jrgant-AW/nhefs3.sas7bdat
Release Created 9.0401M7
Host Created Linux
Inode Number 7998380
Access Permission rw-rw-r--
Owner Name jrgant
File Size 192KB
File Size (bytes) 196608
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
2 age Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
6 alcoholfreq Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
8 allergies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
5 asthma Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
1 sbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
4 smokeintensity Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
7 weakheart Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
3 wt71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 15
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The FREQ Procedure
Table of alcfreqcat by alcoholfreq
alcfreqcat alcoholfreq
Frequency|
Percent |
Row Pct |
Col Pct | 0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Total
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.32
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
0 | 320 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 320
| 20.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.62
| 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
1 | 0 | 217 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 217
| 0.00 | 13.98 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 13.98
| 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
2 | 0 | 0 | 489 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 489
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 31.51 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 31.51
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 329 | 0 | 0 | 329
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 21.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 21.20
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 192 | 0 | 192
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 12.37 | 0.00 | 12.37
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
Total 320 217 489 329 192 5 1552
20.62 13.98 31.51 21.20 12.37 0.32 100.00
The SAS System 16
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Data Set Name WORK.NHEFS3 Observations 1552
Member Type DATA Variables 9
Engine V9 Indexes 0
Created 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Observation Length 72
Last Modified 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Deleted Observations 0
Protection Compressed NO
Data Set Type Sorted NO
Label
Data Representation SOLARIS_X86_64,
LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64,
LINUX_IA64
Encoding latin1 Western (ISO)
Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size 65536
Number of Data Set Pages 2
First Data Page 1
Max Obs per Page 908
Obs in First Data Page 866
Number of Data Set Repairs 0
Filename /tmp/SAS_workDFED00005A61_
jrgant-AW/nhefs3.sas7bdat
Release Created 9.0401M7
Host Created Linux
Inode Number 7998381
Access Permission rw-rw-r--
Owner Name jrgant
File Size 192KB
File Size (bytes) 196608
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
2 age Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
9 alcfreqcat Char 1
6 alcoholfreq Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
8 allergies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
5 asthma Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
1 sbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
4 smokeintensity Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
7 weakheart Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
3 wt71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 17
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs sbp age wt71 smokeintensity
1 175 42 79.04 30
2 123 36 58.63 20
3 115 56 56.81 20
4 148 68 59.42 3
5 118 40 87.09 20
Obs asthma weakheart allergies alcfreqcat
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 3
4 0 1 0 2
5 0 0 0 2
The SAS System 18
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The MEANS Procedure
Variable N Mean Std Dev Minimum
----------------------------------------------------------------------
age 1547 43.6528765 12.0298947 25.0000000
wt71 1547 70.9031157 15.3891998 39.5800000
smokeintensity 1547 20.5416936 11.7258480 1.0000000
sbp 1547 128.7039431 19.0608817 87.0000000
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Variable Maximum
------------------------------
age 74.0000000
wt71 151.7300000
smokeintensity 80.0000000
sbp 229.0000000
------------------------------
The SAS System 19
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The FREQ Procedure
Cumulative Cumulative
asthma Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
-----------------------------------------------------------
0 1474 95.28 1474 95.28
1 73 4.72 1547 100.00
Cumulative Cumulative
allergies Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
--------------------------------------------------------------
0 1448 93.60 1448 93.60
1 99 6.40 1547 100.00
Cumulative Cumulative
alcfreqcat Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
---------------------------------------------------------------
0 320 20.69 320 20.69
1 217 14.03 537 34.71
2 489 31.61 1026 66.32
3 329 21.27 1355 87.59
4 192 12.41 1547 100.00
Cumulative Cumulative
weakheart Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
--------------------------------------------------------------
0 1512 97.74 1512 97.74
1 35 2.26 1547 100.00
The SAS System 20
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The FREQ Procedure
Cumulative Cumulative
sbp_hi Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
-----------------------------------------------------------
0 1192 76.80 1192 76.80
1 360 23.20 1552 100.00
Frequency Missing = 77
The SAS System 21
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The FREQ Procedure
Table of sbp_hi by qsmk
sbp_hi qsmk
Frequency|
Percent |
Row Pct |
Col Pct | 0| 1| Total
---------+--------+--------+
0 | 908 | 284 | 1192
| 58.51 | 18.30 | 76.80
| 76.17 | 23.83 |
| 78.34 | 72.26 |
---------+--------+--------+
1 | 251 | 109 | 360
| 16.17 | 7.02 | 23.20
| 69.72 | 30.28 |
| 21.66 | 27.74 |
---------+--------+--------+
Total 1159 393 1552
74.68 25.32 100.00
Frequency Missing = 77
Statistics for Table of sbp_hi by qsmk
Statistic DF Value Prob
------------------------------------------------------
Chi-Square 1 6.0872 0.0136
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 5.9256 0.0149
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 5.7508 0.0165
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 6.0833 0.0136
Phi Coefficient 0.0626
Contingency Coefficient 0.0625
Cramer's V 0.0626
Fisher's Exact Test
----------------------------------
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 908
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.9939
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.0088
Table Probability (P) 0.0028
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.0155
Sample Size = 1552
Frequency Missing = 77
The SAS System 22
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The REG Procedure
Model: MODEL1
Dependent Variable: sbp
Number of Observations Read 1629
Number of Observations Used 1552
Number of Observations with Missing Values 77
Analysis of Variance
Sum of Mean
Source DF Squares Square F Value Pr > F
Model 1 4673.90689 4673.90689 12.98 0.0003
Error 1550 558280 360.18067
Corrected Total 1551 562954
Root MSE 18.97843 R-Square 0.0083
Dependent Mean 128.70941 Adj R-Sq 0.0077
Coeff Var 14.74517
Parameter Estimates
Parameter Standard
Variable DF Estimate Error t Value Pr > |t|
Intercept 1 127.69888 0.55747 229.07 <.0001
qsmk 1 3.99069 1.10782 3.60 0.0003
Parameter Estimates
Variable DF 95% Confidence Limits
Intercept 1 126.60541 128.79235
qsmk 1 1.81771 6.16367
The SAS System 23
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs Sepal_Length Sepal_Width Petal_Length Petal_Width Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
The SAS System 24
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs Sepal_Length Sepal_Width Petal_Length Petal_Width Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
7 4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3 setosa
8 5 3.4 1.5 0.2 setosa
9 4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2 setosa
10 4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1 setosa
The SAS System 25
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Data Set Name WORK.NHEFS Observations 1629
Member Type DATA Variables 64
Engine V9 Indexes 0
Created 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Observation Length 512
Last Modified 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Deleted Observations 0
Protection Compressed NO
Data Set Type Sorted NO
Label
Data Representation SOLARIS_X86_64,
LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64,
LINUX_IA64
Encoding latin1 Western (ISO)
Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size 65536
Number of Data Set Pages 13
First Data Page 1
Max Obs per Page 127
Obs in First Data Page 107
Number of Data Set Repairs 0
Filename /tmp/SAS_workDFED00005A61_
jrgant-AW/nhefs.sas7bdat
Release Created 9.0401M7
Host Created Linux
Inode Number 7998377
Access Permission rw-rw-r--
Owner Name jrgant
File Size 896KB
File Size (bytes) 917504
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
53 active Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
10 age Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
39 alcoholfreq Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
41 alcoholhowmuch Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
38 alcoholpy Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
40 alcoholtype Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
46 allergies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
24 asthma Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
55 birthcontrol Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
20 birthplace Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
50 boweltrouble Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
25 bronch Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
57 cholesterol Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
32 chroniccough Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
30 colitis Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
6 dadth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
8 dbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
3 death Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 26
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
34 diabetes Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
15 education Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
54 exercise Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
33 hayfever Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
28 hbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
49 hbpmed Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
43 headache Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
31 hepatitis Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
27 hf Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
58 hightax82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
16 ht Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
12 income Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
52 infection Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
48 lackpep Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
13 marital Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
5 modth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
47 nerves Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
37 nervousbreak Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
44 otherpain Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
29 pepticulcer Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
42 pica Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
35 polio Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
56 pregnancies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
59 price71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
60 price82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
63 price71_82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
2 qsmk Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
11 race Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
7 sbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
14 school Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
1 seqn Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
9 sex Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
22 smkintensity82_71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
21 smokeintensity Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
23 smokeyrs Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
61 tax71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
62 tax82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
64 tax71_82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
26 tb Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
36 tumor Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
45 weakheart Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
17 wt71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
18 wt82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
19 wt82_71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
51 wtloss Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
4 yrdth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 27
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs seqn qsmk death yrdth modth
1 233 0 0 . .
2 235 0 0 . .
3 244 0 0 . .
4 245 0 1 85 2
5 252 0 0 . .
Obs dadth sbp dbp sex age
1 . 175 96 0 42
2 . 123 80 0 36
3 . 115 75 1 56
4 14 148 78 0 68
5 . 118 77 0 40
Obs race income marital school education
1 1 19 2 7 1
2 0 18 2 9 2
3 1 15 3 11 2
4 1 15 3 5 1
5 0 18 2 11 2
Obs ht wt71 wt82 wt82_71 birthplace
1 174.1875 79.04 68.94604024 -10.09395976 47
2 159.375 58.63 61.23496995 2.60496995 42
3 168.5 56.81 66.22448602 9.41448602 51
4 170.1875 59.42 64.41011654 4.99011654 37
5 181.875 87.09 92.07925111 4.98925111 42
smkintensity82_
Obs smokeintensity 71 smokeyrs asthma bronch
1 30 -10 29 0 0
2 20 -10 24 0 0
3 20 -14 26 0 0
4 3 4 53 0 0
5 20 0 19 0 0
The SAS System 28
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs tb hf hbp pepticulcer colitis
1 0 0 1 1 0
2 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0
Obs hepatitis chroniccough hayfever diabetes polio
1 0 0 0 1 0
2 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 1 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0
Obs tumor nervousbreak alcoholpy alcoholfreq alcoholtype
1 0 0 1 1 3
2 0 0 1 0 1
3 1 0 1 3 4
4 0 0 1 2 3
5 0 0 1 2 1
Obs alcoholhowmuch pica headache otherpain weakheart
1 7 0 1 0 0
2 4 0 1 0 0
3 . 0 1 1 0
4 4 0 0 1 1
5 2 0 1 0 0
Obs allergies nerves lackpep hbpmed boweltrouble
1 0 0 0 1 0
2 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 1
The SAS System 29
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs wtloss infection active exercise birthcontrol
1 0 0 0 2 2
2 0 1 0 0 2
3 0 0 0 2 0
4 0 0 1 2 2
5 0 0 1 1 2
Obs pregnancies cholesterol hightax82 price71 price82
1 . 197 0 2.18359375 1.7399902344
2 . 301 0 2.3466796875 1.7973632813
3 2 157 0 1.5695800781 1.5134277344
4 . 174 0 1.5065917969 1.4519042969
5 . 216 0 2.3466796875 1.7973632813
Obs tax71 tax82 price71_82 tax71_82
1 1.1022949219 0.4619750977 0.4437866211 0.6403808594
2 1.3649902344 0.5718994141 0.5493164063 0.79296875
3 0.5512695313 0.2309875488 0.0561981201 0.3202514648
4 0.5249023438 0.2199707031 0.0547943115 0.3049926758
5 1.3649902344 0.5718994141 0.5493164063 0.79296875
The SAS System 30
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The MEANS Procedure
N
Variable Miss
-------------------------
seqn 0
qsmk 0
death 0
yrdth 1311
modth 1307
dadth 1307
sbp 77
dbp 81
sex 0
age 0
race 0
income 62
marital 0
school 0
education 0
ht 0
wt71 0
wt82 63
wt82_71 63
birthplace 92
smokeintensity 0
smkintensity82_71 0
smokeyrs 0
asthma 0
bronch 0
tb 0
hf 0
hbp 0
pepticulcer 0
colitis 0
hepatitis 0
chroniccough 0
hayfever 0
diabetes 0
polio 0
tumor 0
nervousbreak 0
alcoholpy 0
alcoholfreq 0
alcoholtype 0
alcoholhowmuch 417
pica 0
headache 0
otherpain 0
weakheart 0
allergies 0
nerves 0
lackpep 0
hbpmed 0
boweltrouble 0
wtloss 0
-------------------------
The SAS System 31
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The MEANS Procedure
N
Variable Miss
-------------------------
infection 0
active 0
exercise 0
birthcontrol 0
pregnancies 903
cholesterol 16
hightax82 92
price71 92
price82 92
tax71 92
tax82 92
price71_82 92
tax71_82 92
-------------------------
The SAS System 32
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs Variable NMiss
1 seqn 0
2 qsmk 0
3 death 0
4 yrdth 1311
5 modth 1307
6 dadth 1307
7 sbp 77
8 dbp 81
9 sex 0
10 age 0
11 race 0
12 income 62
13 marital 0
14 school 0
15 education 0
16 ht 0
17 wt71 0
18 wt82 63
19 wt82_71 63
20 birthplace 92
21 smokeintensity 0
22 smkintensity82_71 0
23 smokeyrs 0
24 asthma 0
25 bronch 0
26 tb 0
27 hf 0
28 hbp 0
29 pepticulcer 0
30 colitis 0
31 hepatitis 0
32 chroniccough 0
33 hayfever 0
34 diabetes 0
35 polio 0
36 tumor 0
37 nervousbreak 0
38 alcoholpy 0
39 alcoholfreq 0
40 alcoholtype 0
41 alcoholhowmuch 417
42 pica 0
43 headache 0
44 otherpain 0
45 weakheart 0
46 allergies 0
47 nerves 0
48 lackpep 0
49 hbpmed 0
50 boweltrouble 0
51 wtloss 0
52 infection 0
53 active 0
54 exercise 0
55 birthcontrol 0
The SAS System 33
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs Variable NMiss
56 pregnancies 903
57 cholesterol 16
58 hightax82 92
59 price71 92
60 price82 92
61 tax71 92
62 tax82 92
63 price71_82 92
64 tax71_82 92
The SAS System 34
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Data Set Name WORK.NHEFS2 Observations 44
Member Type DATA Variables 64
Engine V9 Indexes 0
Created 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Observation Length 512
Last Modified 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Deleted Observations 0
Protection Compressed NO
Data Set Type Sorted NO
Label
Data Representation SOLARIS_X86_64,
LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64,
LINUX_IA64
Encoding latin1 Western (ISO)
Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size 65536
Number of Data Set Pages 1
First Data Page 1
Max Obs per Page 127
Obs in First Data Page 44
Number of Data Set Repairs 0
Filename /tmp/SAS_workDFED00005A61_
jrgant-AW/nhefs2.sas7bdat
Release Created 9.0401M7
Host Created Linux
Inode Number 7998378
Access Permission rw-rw-r--
Owner Name jrgant
File Size 128KB
File Size (bytes) 131072
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
53 active Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
10 age Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
39 alcoholfreq Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
41 alcoholhowmuch Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
38 alcoholpy Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
40 alcoholtype Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
46 allergies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
24 asthma Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
55 birthcontrol Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
20 birthplace Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
50 boweltrouble Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
25 bronch Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
57 cholesterol Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
32 chroniccough Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
30 colitis Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
6 dadth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
8 dbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
3 death Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 35
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
34 diabetes Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
15 education Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
54 exercise Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
33 hayfever Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
28 hbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
49 hbpmed Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
43 headache Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
31 hepatitis Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
27 hf Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
58 hightax82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
16 ht Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
12 income Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
52 infection Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
48 lackpep Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
13 marital Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
5 modth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
47 nerves Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
37 nervousbreak Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
44 otherpain Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
29 pepticulcer Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
42 pica Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
35 polio Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
56 pregnancies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
59 price71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
60 price82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
63 price71_82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
2 qsmk Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
11 race Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
7 sbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
14 school Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
1 seqn Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
9 sex Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
22 smkintensity82_71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
21 smokeintensity Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
23 smokeyrs Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
61 tax71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
62 tax82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
64 tax71_82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
26 tb Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
36 tumor Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
45 weakheart Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
17 wt71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
18 wt82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
19 wt82_71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
51 wtloss Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
4 yrdth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 36
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Data Set Name WORK.NHEFS3 Observations 1552
Member Type DATA Variables 8
Engine V9 Indexes 0
Created 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Observation Length 64
Last Modified 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Deleted Observations 0
Protection Compressed NO
Data Set Type Sorted NO
Label
Data Representation SOLARIS_X86_64,
LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64,
LINUX_IA64
Encoding latin1 Western (ISO)
Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size 65536
Number of Data Set Pages 2
First Data Page 1
Max Obs per Page 1021
Obs in First Data Page 977
Number of Data Set Repairs 0
Filename /tmp/SAS_workDFED00005A61_
jrgant-AW/nhefs3.sas7bdat
Release Created 9.0401M7
Host Created Linux
Inode Number 7998379
Access Permission rw-rw-r--
Owner Name jrgant
File Size 192KB
File Size (bytes) 196608
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
2 age Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
6 alcoholfreq Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
8 allergies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
5 asthma Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
1 sbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
4 smokeintensity Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
7 weakheart Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
3 wt71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 37
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The FREQ Procedure
Table of alcfreqcat by alcoholfreq
alcfreqcat alcoholfreq
Frequency|
Percent |
Row Pct |
Col Pct | 0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Total
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.32
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
0 | 320 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 320
| 20.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.62
| 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
1 | 0 | 217 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 217
| 0.00 | 13.98 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 13.98
| 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
2 | 0 | 0 | 489 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 489
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 31.51 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 31.51
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 329 | 0 | 0 | 329
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 21.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 21.20
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 192 | 0 | 192
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 12.37 | 0.00 | 12.37
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
Total 320 217 489 329 192 5 1552
20.62 13.98 31.51 21.20 12.37 0.32 100.00
The SAS System 38
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Data Set Name WORK.NHEFS3 Observations 1552
Member Type DATA Variables 9
Engine V9 Indexes 0
Created 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Observation Length 72
Last Modified 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Deleted Observations 0
Protection Compressed NO
Data Set Type Sorted NO
Label
Data Representation SOLARIS_X86_64,
LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64,
LINUX_IA64
Encoding latin1 Western (ISO)
Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size 65536
Number of Data Set Pages 2
First Data Page 1
Max Obs per Page 908
Obs in First Data Page 866
Number of Data Set Repairs 0
Filename /tmp/SAS_workDFED00005A61_
jrgant-AW/nhefs3.sas7bdat
Release Created 9.0401M7
Host Created Linux
Inode Number 7998381
Access Permission rw-rw-r--
Owner Name jrgant
File Size 192KB
File Size (bytes) 196608
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
2 age Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
9 alcfreqcat Char 1
6 alcoholfreq Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
8 allergies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
5 asthma Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
1 sbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
4 smokeintensity Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
7 weakheart Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
3 wt71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 39
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs sbp age wt71 smokeintensity
1 175 42 79.04 30
2 123 36 58.63 20
3 115 56 56.81 20
4 148 68 59.42 3
5 118 40 87.09 20
Obs asthma weakheart allergies alcfreqcat
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 3
4 0 1 0 2
5 0 0 0 2
The SAS System 40
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The MEANS Procedure
Variable N Mean Std Dev Minimum
----------------------------------------------------------------------
age 1547 43.6528765 12.0298947 25.0000000
wt71 1547 70.9031157 15.3891998 39.5800000
smokeintensity 1547 20.5416936 11.7258480 1.0000000
sbp 1547 128.7039431 19.0608817 87.0000000
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Variable Maximum
------------------------------
age 74.0000000
wt71 151.7300000
smokeintensity 80.0000000
sbp 229.0000000
------------------------------
The SAS System 41
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The FREQ Procedure
Cumulative Cumulative
asthma Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
-----------------------------------------------------------
0 1474 95.28 1474 95.28
1 73 4.72 1547 100.00
Cumulative Cumulative
allergies Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
--------------------------------------------------------------
0 1448 93.60 1448 93.60
1 99 6.40 1547 100.00
Cumulative Cumulative
alcfreqcat Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
---------------------------------------------------------------
0 320 20.69 320 20.69
1 217 14.03 537 34.71
2 489 31.61 1026 66.32
3 329 21.27 1355 87.59
4 192 12.41 1547 100.00
Cumulative Cumulative
weakheart Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
--------------------------------------------------------------
0 1512 97.74 1512 97.74
1 35 2.26 1547 100.00
The SAS System 42
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The FREQ Procedure
Cumulative Cumulative
sbp_hi Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
-----------------------------------------------------------
0 1192 76.80 1192 76.80
1 360 23.20 1552 100.00
Frequency Missing = 77
The SAS System 43
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The FREQ Procedure
Table of sbp_hi by qsmk
sbp_hi qsmk
Frequency|
Percent |
Row Pct |
Col Pct | 0| 1| Total
---------+--------+--------+
0 | 908 | 284 | 1192
| 58.51 | 18.30 | 76.80
| 76.17 | 23.83 |
| 78.34 | 72.26 |
---------+--------+--------+
1 | 251 | 109 | 360
| 16.17 | 7.02 | 23.20
| 69.72 | 30.28 |
| 21.66 | 27.74 |
---------+--------+--------+
Total 1159 393 1552
74.68 25.32 100.00
Frequency Missing = 77
Statistics for Table of sbp_hi by qsmk
Statistic DF Value Prob
------------------------------------------------------
Chi-Square 1 6.0872 0.0136
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 5.9256 0.0149
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 5.7508 0.0165
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 6.0833 0.0136
Phi Coefficient 0.0626
Contingency Coefficient 0.0625
Cramer's V 0.0626
Fisher's Exact Test
----------------------------------
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 908
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.9939
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.0088
Table Probability (P) 0.0028
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.0155
Sample Size = 1552
Frequency Missing = 77
The SAS System 44
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The REG Procedure
Model: MODEL1
Dependent Variable: sbp
Number of Observations Read 1629
Number of Observations Used 1552
Number of Observations with Missing Values 77
Analysis of Variance
Sum of Mean
Source DF Squares Square F Value Pr > F
Model 1 4673.90689 4673.90689 12.98 0.0003
Error 1550 558280 360.18067
Corrected Total 1551 562954
Root MSE 18.97843 R-Square 0.0083
Dependent Mean 128.70941 Adj R-Sq 0.0077
Coeff Var 14.74517
Parameter Estimates
Parameter Standard
Variable DF Estimate Error t Value Pr > |t|
Intercept 1 127.69888 0.55747 229.07 <.0001
qsmk 1 3.99069 1.10782 3.60 0.0003
Parameter Estimates
Variable DF 95% Confidence Limits
Intercept 1 126.60541 128.79235
qsmk 1 1.81771 6.16367
The SAS System 45
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs Sepal_Length Sepal_Width Petal_Length Petal_Width Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
The SAS System 46
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs Sepal_Length Sepal_Width Petal_Length Petal_Width Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
7 4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3 setosa
8 5 3.4 1.5 0.2 setosa
9 4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2 setosa
10 4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1 setosa
The SAS System 47
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Data Set Name WORK.NHEFS Observations 1629
Member Type DATA Variables 64
Engine V9 Indexes 0
Created 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Observation Length 512
Last Modified 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Deleted Observations 0
Protection Compressed NO
Data Set Type Sorted NO
Label
Data Representation SOLARIS_X86_64,
LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64,
LINUX_IA64
Encoding latin1 Western (ISO)
Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size 65536
Number of Data Set Pages 13
First Data Page 1
Max Obs per Page 127
Obs in First Data Page 107
Number of Data Set Repairs 0
Filename /tmp/SAS_workDFED00005A61_
jrgant-AW/nhefs.sas7bdat
Release Created 9.0401M7
Host Created Linux
Inode Number 7998377
Access Permission rw-rw-r--
Owner Name jrgant
File Size 896KB
File Size (bytes) 917504
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
53 active Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
10 age Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
39 alcoholfreq Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
41 alcoholhowmuch Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
38 alcoholpy Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
40 alcoholtype Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
46 allergies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
24 asthma Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
55 birthcontrol Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
20 birthplace Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
50 boweltrouble Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
25 bronch Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
57 cholesterol Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
32 chroniccough Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
30 colitis Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
6 dadth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
8 dbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
3 death Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 48
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
34 diabetes Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
15 education Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
54 exercise Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
33 hayfever Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
28 hbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
49 hbpmed Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
43 headache Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
31 hepatitis Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
27 hf Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
58 hightax82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
16 ht Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
12 income Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
52 infection Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
48 lackpep Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
13 marital Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
5 modth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
47 nerves Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
37 nervousbreak Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
44 otherpain Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
29 pepticulcer Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
42 pica Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
35 polio Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
56 pregnancies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
59 price71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
60 price82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
63 price71_82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
2 qsmk Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
11 race Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
7 sbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
14 school Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
1 seqn Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
9 sex Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
22 smkintensity82_71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
21 smokeintensity Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
23 smokeyrs Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
61 tax71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
62 tax82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
64 tax71_82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
26 tb Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
36 tumor Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
45 weakheart Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
17 wt71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
18 wt82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
19 wt82_71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
51 wtloss Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
4 yrdth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 49
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs seqn qsmk death yrdth modth
1 233 0 0 . .
2 235 0 0 . .
3 244 0 0 . .
4 245 0 1 85 2
5 252 0 0 . .
Obs dadth sbp dbp sex age
1 . 175 96 0 42
2 . 123 80 0 36
3 . 115 75 1 56
4 14 148 78 0 68
5 . 118 77 0 40
Obs race income marital school education
1 1 19 2 7 1
2 0 18 2 9 2
3 1 15 3 11 2
4 1 15 3 5 1
5 0 18 2 11 2
Obs ht wt71 wt82 wt82_71 birthplace
1 174.1875 79.04 68.94604024 -10.09395976 47
2 159.375 58.63 61.23496995 2.60496995 42
3 168.5 56.81 66.22448602 9.41448602 51
4 170.1875 59.42 64.41011654 4.99011654 37
5 181.875 87.09 92.07925111 4.98925111 42
smkintensity82_
Obs smokeintensity 71 smokeyrs asthma bronch
1 30 -10 29 0 0
2 20 -10 24 0 0
3 20 -14 26 0 0
4 3 4 53 0 0
5 20 0 19 0 0
The SAS System 50
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs tb hf hbp pepticulcer colitis
1 0 0 1 1 0
2 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0
Obs hepatitis chroniccough hayfever diabetes polio
1 0 0 0 1 0
2 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 1 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0
Obs tumor nervousbreak alcoholpy alcoholfreq alcoholtype
1 0 0 1 1 3
2 0 0 1 0 1
3 1 0 1 3 4
4 0 0 1 2 3
5 0 0 1 2 1
Obs alcoholhowmuch pica headache otherpain weakheart
1 7 0 1 0 0
2 4 0 1 0 0
3 . 0 1 1 0
4 4 0 0 1 1
5 2 0 1 0 0
Obs allergies nerves lackpep hbpmed boweltrouble
1 0 0 0 1 0
2 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 1
The SAS System 51
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs wtloss infection active exercise birthcontrol
1 0 0 0 2 2
2 0 1 0 0 2
3 0 0 0 2 0
4 0 0 1 2 2
5 0 0 1 1 2
Obs pregnancies cholesterol hightax82 price71 price82
1 . 197 0 2.18359375 1.7399902344
2 . 301 0 2.3466796875 1.7973632813
3 2 157 0 1.5695800781 1.5134277344
4 . 174 0 1.5065917969 1.4519042969
5 . 216 0 2.3466796875 1.7973632813
Obs tax71 tax82 price71_82 tax71_82
1 1.1022949219 0.4619750977 0.4437866211 0.6403808594
2 1.3649902344 0.5718994141 0.5493164063 0.79296875
3 0.5512695313 0.2309875488 0.0561981201 0.3202514648
4 0.5249023438 0.2199707031 0.0547943115 0.3049926758
5 1.3649902344 0.5718994141 0.5493164063 0.79296875
The SAS System 52
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The MEANS Procedure
N
Variable Miss
-------------------------
seqn 0
qsmk 0
death 0
yrdth 1311
modth 1307
dadth 1307
sbp 77
dbp 81
sex 0
age 0
race 0
income 62
marital 0
school 0
education 0
ht 0
wt71 0
wt82 63
wt82_71 63
birthplace 92
smokeintensity 0
smkintensity82_71 0
smokeyrs 0
asthma 0
bronch 0
tb 0
hf 0
hbp 0
pepticulcer 0
colitis 0
hepatitis 0
chroniccough 0
hayfever 0
diabetes 0
polio 0
tumor 0
nervousbreak 0
alcoholpy 0
alcoholfreq 0
alcoholtype 0
alcoholhowmuch 417
pica 0
headache 0
otherpain 0
weakheart 0
allergies 0
nerves 0
lackpep 0
hbpmed 0
boweltrouble 0
wtloss 0
-------------------------
The SAS System 53
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The MEANS Procedure
N
Variable Miss
-------------------------
infection 0
active 0
exercise 0
birthcontrol 0
pregnancies 903
cholesterol 16
hightax82 92
price71 92
price82 92
tax71 92
tax82 92
price71_82 92
tax71_82 92
-------------------------
The SAS System 54
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs Variable NMiss
1 seqn 0
2 qsmk 0
3 death 0
4 yrdth 1311
5 modth 1307
6 dadth 1307
7 sbp 77
8 dbp 81
9 sex 0
10 age 0
11 race 0
12 income 62
13 marital 0
14 school 0
15 education 0
16 ht 0
17 wt71 0
18 wt82 63
19 wt82_71 63
20 birthplace 92
21 smokeintensity 0
22 smkintensity82_71 0
23 smokeyrs 0
24 asthma 0
25 bronch 0
26 tb 0
27 hf 0
28 hbp 0
29 pepticulcer 0
30 colitis 0
31 hepatitis 0
32 chroniccough 0
33 hayfever 0
34 diabetes 0
35 polio 0
36 tumor 0
37 nervousbreak 0
38 alcoholpy 0
39 alcoholfreq 0
40 alcoholtype 0
41 alcoholhowmuch 417
42 pica 0
43 headache 0
44 otherpain 0
45 weakheart 0
46 allergies 0
47 nerves 0
48 lackpep 0
49 hbpmed 0
50 boweltrouble 0
51 wtloss 0
52 infection 0
53 active 0
54 exercise 0
55 birthcontrol 0
The SAS System 55
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs Variable NMiss
56 pregnancies 903
57 cholesterol 16
58 hightax82 92
59 price71 92
60 price82 92
61 tax71 92
62 tax82 92
63 price71_82 92
64 tax71_82 92
The SAS System 56
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Data Set Name WORK.NHEFS2 Observations 44
Member Type DATA Variables 64
Engine V9 Indexes 0
Created 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Observation Length 512
Last Modified 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Deleted Observations 0
Protection Compressed NO
Data Set Type Sorted NO
Label
Data Representation SOLARIS_X86_64,
LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64,
LINUX_IA64
Encoding latin1 Western (ISO)
Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size 65536
Number of Data Set Pages 1
First Data Page 1
Max Obs per Page 127
Obs in First Data Page 44
Number of Data Set Repairs 0
Filename /tmp/SAS_workDFED00005A61_
jrgant-AW/nhefs2.sas7bdat
Release Created 9.0401M7
Host Created Linux
Inode Number 7998382
Access Permission rw-rw-r--
Owner Name jrgant
File Size 128KB
File Size (bytes) 131072
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
53 active Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
10 age Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
39 alcoholfreq Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
41 alcoholhowmuch Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
38 alcoholpy Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
40 alcoholtype Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
46 allergies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
24 asthma Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
55 birthcontrol Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
20 birthplace Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
50 boweltrouble Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
25 bronch Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
57 cholesterol Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
32 chroniccough Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
30 colitis Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
6 dadth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
8 dbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
3 death Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 57
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
34 diabetes Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
15 education Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
54 exercise Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
33 hayfever Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
28 hbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
49 hbpmed Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
43 headache Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
31 hepatitis Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
27 hf Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
58 hightax82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
16 ht Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
12 income Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
52 infection Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
48 lackpep Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
13 marital Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
5 modth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
47 nerves Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
37 nervousbreak Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
44 otherpain Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
29 pepticulcer Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
42 pica Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
35 polio Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
56 pregnancies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
59 price71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
60 price82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
63 price71_82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
2 qsmk Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
11 race Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
7 sbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
14 school Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
1 seqn Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
9 sex Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
22 smkintensity82_71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
21 smokeintensity Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
23 smokeyrs Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
61 tax71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
62 tax82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
64 tax71_82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
26 tb Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
36 tumor Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
45 weakheart Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
17 wt71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
18 wt82 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
19 wt82_71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
51 wtloss Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
4 yrdth Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 58
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Data Set Name WORK.NHEFS3 Observations 1552
Member Type DATA Variables 8
Engine V9 Indexes 0
Created 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Observation Length 64
Last Modified 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Deleted Observations 0
Protection Compressed NO
Data Set Type Sorted NO
Label
Data Representation SOLARIS_X86_64,
LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64,
LINUX_IA64
Encoding latin1 Western (ISO)
Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size 65536
Number of Data Set Pages 2
First Data Page 1
Max Obs per Page 1021
Obs in First Data Page 977
Number of Data Set Repairs 0
Filename /tmp/SAS_workDFED00005A61_
jrgant-AW/nhefs3.sas7bdat
Release Created 9.0401M7
Host Created Linux
Inode Number 7998378
Access Permission rw-rw-r--
Owner Name jrgant
File Size 192KB
File Size (bytes) 196608
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
2 age Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
6 alcoholfreq Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
8 allergies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
5 asthma Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
1 sbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
4 smokeintensity Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
7 weakheart Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
3 wt71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 59
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The FREQ Procedure
Table of alcfreqcat by alcoholfreq
alcfreqcat alcoholfreq
Frequency|
Percent |
Row Pct |
Col Pct | 0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Total
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.32
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
0 | 320 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 320
| 20.62 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.62
| 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
1 | 0 | 217 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 217
| 0.00 | 13.98 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 13.98
| 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
2 | 0 | 0 | 489 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 489
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 31.51 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 31.51
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 329 | 0 | 0 | 329
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 21.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 21.20
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 192 | 0 | 192
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 12.37 | 0.00 | 12.37
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 |
| 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 0.00 |
---------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
Total 320 217 489 329 192 5 1552
20.62 13.98 31.51 21.20 12.37 0.32 100.00
The SAS System 60
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The CONTENTS Procedure
Data Set Name WORK.NHEFS3 Observations 1552
Member Type DATA Variables 9
Engine V9 Indexes 0
Created 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Observation Length 72
Last Modified 12/15/2022 20:38:40 Deleted Observations 0
Protection Compressed NO
Data Set Type Sorted NO
Label
Data Representation SOLARIS_X86_64,
LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64,
LINUX_IA64
Encoding latin1 Western (ISO)
Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size 65536
Number of Data Set Pages 2
First Data Page 1
Max Obs per Page 908
Obs in First Data Page 866
Number of Data Set Repairs 0
Filename /tmp/SAS_workDFED00005A61_
jrgant-AW/nhefs3.sas7bdat
Release Created 9.0401M7
Host Created Linux
Inode Number 7998381
Access Permission rw-rw-r--
Owner Name jrgant
File Size 192KB
File Size (bytes) 196608
Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format Informat
2 age Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
9 alcfreqcat Char 1
6 alcoholfreq Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
8 allergies Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
5 asthma Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
1 sbp Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
4 smokeintensity Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
7 weakheart Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
3 wt71 Num 8 BEST12. BEST32.
The SAS System 61
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
Obs sbp age wt71 smokeintensity
1 175 42 79.04 30
2 123 36 58.63 20
3 115 56 56.81 20
4 148 68 59.42 3
5 118 40 87.09 20
Obs asthma weakheart allergies alcfreqcat
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 3
4 0 1 0 2
5 0 0 0 2
The SAS System 62
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The MEANS Procedure
Variable N Mean Std Dev Minimum
----------------------------------------------------------------------
age 1547 43.6528765 12.0298947 25.0000000
wt71 1547 70.9031157 15.3891998 39.5800000
smokeintensity 1547 20.5416936 11.7258480 1.0000000
sbp 1547 128.7039431 19.0608817 87.0000000
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Variable Maximum
------------------------------
age 74.0000000
wt71 151.7300000
smokeintensity 80.0000000
sbp 229.0000000
------------------------------
The SAS System 63
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The FREQ Procedure
Cumulative Cumulative
asthma Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
-----------------------------------------------------------
0 1474 95.28 1474 95.28
1 73 4.72 1547 100.00
Cumulative Cumulative
allergies Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
--------------------------------------------------------------
0 1448 93.60 1448 93.60
1 99 6.40 1547 100.00
Cumulative Cumulative
alcfreqcat Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
---------------------------------------------------------------
0 320 20.69 320 20.69
1 217 14.03 537 34.71
2 489 31.61 1026 66.32
3 329 21.27 1355 87.59
4 192 12.41 1547 100.00
Cumulative Cumulative
weakheart Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
--------------------------------------------------------------
0 1512 97.74 1512 97.74
1 35 2.26 1547 100.00
The SAS System 64
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The FREQ Procedure
Cumulative Cumulative
sbp_hi Frequency Percent Frequency Percent
-----------------------------------------------------------
0 1192 76.80 1192 76.80
1 360 23.20 1552 100.00
Frequency Missing = 77
The SAS System 65
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The FREQ Procedure
Table of sbp_hi by qsmk
sbp_hi qsmk
Frequency|
Percent |
Row Pct |
Col Pct | 0| 1| Total
---------+--------+--------+
0 | 908 | 284 | 1192
| 58.51 | 18.30 | 76.80
| 76.17 | 23.83 |
| 78.34 | 72.26 |
---------+--------+--------+
1 | 251 | 109 | 360
| 16.17 | 7.02 | 23.20
| 69.72 | 30.28 |
| 21.66 | 27.74 |
---------+--------+--------+
Total 1159 393 1552
74.68 25.32 100.00
Frequency Missing = 77
Statistics for Table of sbp_hi by qsmk
Statistic DF Value Prob
------------------------------------------------------
Chi-Square 1 6.0872 0.0136
Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square 1 5.9256 0.0149
Continuity Adj. Chi-Square 1 5.7508 0.0165
Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square 1 6.0833 0.0136
Phi Coefficient 0.0626
Contingency Coefficient 0.0625
Cramer's V 0.0626
Fisher's Exact Test
----------------------------------
Cell (1,1) Frequency (F) 908
Left-sided Pr <= F 0.9939
Right-sided Pr >= F 0.0088
Table Probability (P) 0.0028
Two-sided Pr <= P 0.0155
Sample Size = 1552
Frequency Missing = 77
The SAS System 66
20:38 Thursday, December 15, 2022
The REG Procedure
Model: MODEL1
Dependent Variable: sbp
Number of Observations Read 1629
Number of Observations Used 1552
Number of Observations with Missing Values 77
Analysis of Variance
Sum of Mean
Source DF Squares Square F Value Pr > F
Model 1 4673.90689 4673.90689 12.98 0.0003
Error 1550 558280 360.18067
Corrected Total 1551 562954
Root MSE 18.97843 R-Square 0.0083
Dependent Mean 128.70941 Adj R-Sq 0.0077
Coeff Var 14.74517
Parameter Estimates
Parameter Standard
Variable DF Estimate Error t Value Pr > |t|
Intercept 1 127.69888 0.55747 229.07 <.0001
qsmk 1 3.99069 1.10782 3.60 0.0003
Parameter Estimates
Variable DF 95% Confidence Limits
Intercept 1 126.60541 128.79235
qsmk 1 1.81771 6.16367
Obs Sepal_Length Sepal_Width Petal_Length Petal_Width Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
Obs Sepal_Length Sepal_Width Petal_Length Petal_Width Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosa
7 4.6 3.4 1.4 0.3 setosa
8 5 3.4 1.5 0.2 setosa
9 4.4 2.9 1.4 0.2 setosa
10 4.9 3.1 1.5 0.1 setosa SAS is built around datasteps and procedures (the proc statements we wrote in the code above). As we continue on, we will see how different these languages are, and we’ll discuss some strengths and weaknesses of both.
As statistical programmers, we will need to have a good handle on the major classes (types), including which are appropriate based on the goals of our analyses. Here we will focus on two sets of entities—values and objects—and their respective classes.
Table 3.1: Major data types (value classes) in R
| Value Class | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Numeric | A numeric value, which might be an integer or decimal | 400, 3.1415, 0.07 |
| Boolean | True/False | TRUE |
| Character | A value that contains a string of alphanumeric characters | php2200, systolbp, hiv_pos |
| Factor | A variable usually used to denote a categorical variable. Groups can be ordered or unordered, but each is assigned an invisible numeric value. | Ordered: High, Medium, Low; Unordered: Red, Blue, Green |
| Date | Tend to be somewhat difficult to work with and come in many formats. Later, we will focus specifically on manipulating, analyzing, and displaying dates. | 2005-09-01; 09012005; September 1, 2005 |
| Missing | Missing values in R are usually stored as NA. In certain cases, it may be advisable to specify the class of the missing value. | Standard: NA; Class-specific: _NA_character, _NA_numeric |
To conduct a statistical analysis, usually we will need to store values in various types of objects. These objects can be tailored toward a specific data type or may enable the user to store multiple data types.
Table 3.2: Major object classes in R
| Object Class | Description |
|---|---|
| Vector | A one-dimensional data structure capable of storing a series of values regardless of class. |
| Matrix | A data structure with rows and columns that can extend into n dimensions. Matrices are able to store only one data type at a time. For example, all stored values in a numeric matrix would be numeric. |
| List | An n-dimensional structure capable of storing multiple data types and objects in complex ways. |
| Data frame | A special type of list capable of storing mixed data types in rectangular format. Data.frames are what we probably think of when imagining a dataset from a trial or observational study. We will have a look at some subtypes of data.frames such as data.tables and tibbles later in the guide. |